Basically, CloudKit doesn't return the fetchUserRecordID if iCloudDrive is disabled in Settings even if the user is logged into iCloud.
I am not sure weather this is the way it should work or if it's an issue. Just in case I've opened a rdar 32277653 .
Apple documentation is kind of confusing as they encourage to enable iCloudDrive but they don't specify that it is a requirement. However, from a logical point of view, this shouldn't be a requirement to get the iCloud UserRecordID unless you would need to make use of the disk space of iCloudDrive (e.g: save documents to iCloudDrive, etc).