Move to AMD loaders + Typescript

[HallM]

The Monaco editor uses AMD loader style. Not sure if this will necessitate a move to RequireJS over Webpack. While Webpack does support AMD style, it may not support the asynchronous module loading.

Moving to typescript may help prevent a lot of issues caused by dynamic typing and differing assumptions made on what type something is.

Since the project has accepted much of ES6 as the base, a transpiler is required to maintain older browser support. Typescript would replace Babel as the transpiler.