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+# Multi-stage Dockerfile for Tech Stack Advisor ML App
+# 
+# Stage 1: Builder stage for training the model
+FROM python:3.11-slim AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Install build dependencies
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    gcc \
+    python3-dev \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Copy requirements and install Python dependencies
+COPY requirements.txt .
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --user -r requirements.txt
+
+# Copy training script and train the model
+COPY train.py .
+RUN python train.py
+
+# Stage 2: Production runtime stage
+FROM python:3.11-slim AS production
+
+# Create non-root user for security
+RUN useradd --create-home --shell /bin/bash mluser
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy Python packages from builder stage
+COPY --from=builder /root/.local /home/mluser/.local
+
+# Copy application files
+COPY app.py .
+COPY requirements.txt .
+
+# Copy trained model from builder stage
+COPY --from=builder /app/model.pkl .
+COPY --from=builder /app/encoders.pkl .
+
+# Set ownership and switch to non-root user
+RUN chown -R mluser:mluser /app
+USER mluser
+
+# Make sure scripts in .local are usable
+ENV PATH=/home/mluser/.local/bin:$PATH
+
+# Add health check
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
+    CMD python -c "import requests; requests.get('http://localhost:7860', timeout=3)" || exit 1
+
+EXPOSE 7860
+
+CMD ["python", "app.py"]