diff --git a/src/routes/igcse/chemistry/organic_chemistry/+page.svelte b/src/routes/igcse/chemistry/organic_chemistry/+page.svelte index 017c53a..b38dc70 100644 --- a/src/routes/igcse/chemistry/organic_chemistry/+page.svelte +++ b/src/routes/igcse/chemistry/organic_chemistry/+page.svelte @@ -203,46 +203,77 @@ > while addition polymerisation only produces a polymer.

- Nylon is made from a dicarboxylic acid (a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl -COOH groups) and a - diamine (an amine with two amine -NH2 groups). + Nylon is made from a dicarboxylic acid (a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl -COOH + groups) and a diamine (an amine with two amine -NH2 groups).

    -
  1. the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl group (-C(=O)OH)
    2. -
  2. the diamine loses one hydrogen (-H) from each amine group (-NH2)
    3. +
  3. + the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl + group (-C(=O)OH) +
    4. +
  4. + the diamine loses one hydrogen (-H) from each amine group + (-NH2) +
  5. the hydrogen and hydroxyl combine to form water
  6. - the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-R-C(=O)- and the remainder - of the diamine, now -(H)N-R-N(H)- combine to form a condensation polymer - [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)N(H)-R-N(H)-]n + the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-R-C(=O)- + and the remainder of the diamine, now -(H)N-R'-N(H)- + combine to form a condensation polymer + [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)N(H)-R'-N(H)-]n
Nylon is a polyamide, whereas PET, a polyester, is made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol (an alcohol - with two hydroxyl -OH groups). + with two hydroxyl-OH groups).
    -
  1. the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl group (-C(=O)OH)
    2. -
  2. the diol loses one hydrogen (-H) from each hydroxyl group (-OH)
    3. +
  3. + the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl + group (-C(=O)OH) +
    4. +
  4. + the diol loses one hydrogen (-H) from each hydroxyl group + (-OH) +
  5. the hydrogen and hydroxyl combine to form water
  6. - the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-R-C(=O)- and the remainder - of the diol, now -O-R-O- combine to form a condensation polymer [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)O-R-O-]n + the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-R-C(=O)- + and the remainder of the diol, now -O-R'-O- combine + to form a condensation polymer + + [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)O-R'-O-]n +

Proteins are natural polyamides. These are formed by the condensation polymerisation of amino - acids, H2N-CHR-COOH (where + acids, H2N-CHR-COOH (where R is any side chain), rather than dicarboxylic acids and diamines.

- While the structure of a synthetic polyamide like nylon looks like this: [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)N(H)-R-N(H)-]n + While the structure of a synthetic polyamide like nylon looks like this: + [-(O=)C-R-C(=O)N(H)-R'-N(H)-]n +
- The structure of a polypeptide (protein) looks like this: [-(H)N-R-C(=O)N(H)-R-C(=O)-]n + The structure of a polypeptide (protein) looks like this: + + [-(H)N-R-C(=O)N(H)-R'-C(=O)-]n +
Notice how each monomer unit in a protein has the remanence of an amine group and of a carboxyl group.

+ +