This is because there is no type converter for std::set<dart::dynamics::Frame const*, std::less<dart::dynamics::Frame const*>, std::allocator<dart::dynamics::Frame const*> >.
Here is the error message when calling Frame::getChildFrames():
TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: std::set<dart::dynamics::Frame const*, std::less<dart::dynamics::Frame const*>, std::allocator<dart::dynamics::Frame const*> >