refactor[cartesian]: gtir from backend and type hints for dace backend (GridTools#2103)

## Description

This PR brings another two cleanup commits:

1. `gtir` doesn't need to be passed around when calling `BackendCodegen`
classes. That info can be derived from the backend (class), which is a
member of `BackendCodegen`.
2. Use type hints in `dace_backend` (only for the functions that we
aren't about to torch anyway with PR GridTools#2067)

## Requirements

- [ ] All fixes and/or new features come with corresponding tests.
  Covered by existing tests.
- [ ] Important design decisions have been documented in the appropriate
ADR inside the [docs/development/ADRs/](docs/development/ADRs/README.md)
folder.
  N/A

Author: romanc

src/gt4py/cartesian/backend/cuda_backend.py

@@ -20,12 +20,10 @@
     bindings_main_template,
     pybuffer_to_sid,
 )
-from gt4py.cartesian.gtc import gtir
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.common import DataType
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.cuir import cuir, cuir_codegen, extent_analysis, kernel_fusion
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.cuir.oir_to_cuir import OIRToCUIR
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.gtir_to_oir import GTIRToOIR
-from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.passes.gtir_pipeline import GtirPipeline
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.passes.oir_optimizations.caches import FillFlushToLocalKCaches
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.passes.oir_optimizations.pruning import NoFieldAccessPruning
 from gt4py.cartesian.gtc.passes.oir_pipeline import DefaultPipeline
@@ -42,9 +40,8 @@ def __init__(self, class_name: str, module_name: str, backend: CudaBackend) -> N
         self.module_name = module_name
         self.backend = backend
 
-    def __call__(self, stencil_ir: gtir.Stencil) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
-        stencil_ir = GtirPipeline(stencil_ir, self.backend.builder.stencil_id).full()
-        base_oir = GTIRToOIR().visit(stencil_ir)
+    def __call__(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
+        base_oir = GTIRToOIR().visit(self.backend.builder.gtir)
         oir_pipeline = self.backend.builder.options.backend_opts.get(
             "oir_pipeline",
             DefaultPipeline(skip=[NoFieldAccessPruning], add_steps=[FillFlushToLocalKCaches]),