If you hit your provisioned RU/s rate limit you'll currently get the following message:
An unhandled exception of type 'System.AggregateException' occurred in mscorlib.dll: 'One or more errors occurred.'
Inner exceptions found, see $exception in variables window for more details.
Innermost exception Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.StorageException : Element 0 in the batch returned an unexpected response code.
The exception has HttpStatusCode set to 429 it could be used to instead throw a nicer exception about rate limits + suggesting a retry.
The only bummer is that I don't see a way using the StorageException to get at the http response header x-ms-retry-after-ms which contains how long you must wait unless I'm missing something. Could still be better to have something explicit even with that?