DHT22 Sensor Driver

The purpose of this project is to develop a Linux Kernel Driver for DHT22 humidity and temperature sensor. For more information of DHT22, read the followings link:

• Datasheet for DHT22

I cross compiled to RPi3 Model B running Linux Kernel 4.8.16-v7+. The host environment is Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (running Linux Kernel 4.4.0-98-generic). I've tested and run the driver on RPi3/B only and never tested compability issues between DHT22 and DHT11 (the other cheaper one), other Pi models or other Kernel versions.

Modify Makefile first to fit in your development environment before you can build this driver; for either native(on RPi) or cross compilation.

If you prefer cross compilation, the first step is to build your own RPi Linux Kernel (whatever versions) on host environment.

I'm new to Linux Kernel/Driver programming; whatever wrong you find, please don't hesitate to contact me.

p.s. This is my first Linux Kernel Driver, I've learned and studied this, then developed this simplified one (with simple algorithm, more comments and without compicated mechanism, like FSM).

Contents

1. About DHT22 Seosor
   1.1. DHT22 Spec And Communication
   1.2. Triggering DHT22
   1.3. Reading And Interpreting Humidity/Temperature/Parity Raw Data
   1.4. Temperature Below 0°C
2. Using This Driver
   2.1. Loading/Unloading The Driver
   2.2. sysfs Attributes
   2.3. Some Useful Examples

About DHT22 Sensor

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DHT22 Spec And Communication

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Triggering DHT22

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The DHT22 must be manually triggered with a specific signal as the followings:

1. After power on, the DHT22 sensor must warm up first; in general, it takes about 2 seconds. During first 2 seconds, the sensor can't respond to host's request.
2. The host triggers request to DHT22 by pulling signal bus to LOW, at least 800μs, typically 1000μs, then release the bus to HIGH to wake up the sensor.
3. DHT22 responds to the host by pulling signal bus to LOW for about 80μs, then release the signal bus to HIGH to echo the host.
4. DHT22 sends out 40-bit data (2-byte humidity, 2-byte temperature followed by 1-byte parity check). MSB first; LOW signal followed by HIGH signal; HIGH signal lasts 26-28μs to represent bit value 0, HIGH signal lasts 68-75μs to represent bit value 1.
5. DHT22 finally to pull signal bus LOW again (50μs, following 40-bit data) to notify the host about end of communication, then release the signal bus to HIGH.

Reading And Interpreting Humidity/Temperature/Parity Raw Data

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1. 40-bit raw data is composed of 2-byte humidity, 2-byte temperature and 1-byte parity check. Raw humidity and temperature are both big-endian format and 10 times of real humidity and temperature.
2. For example, raw data 0x03 0x2F 0x01 0x09 means raw humidity is 0x032F and raw temperature is 0x0109. HEX 0x032F is 815(DEC), 0x0109 is 265(DEC). Since raw data is 10 times of real data, so the humidity is 81.5% and temperature is 26.5°C.
3. Parity check: The parity check is 1-byte and summation of byte 0 to 3 may overflow, we must bitwise AND 0x00FF to mask high byte before checking against to parity byte. Take the above as an example: (0x003F + 0x002F + 0x001C + 0x0009) & 0x00FF == 0x003C, the parity check byte must be 0x3C, or the host must ignore this error and re-trigger later.

Temperature Below 0°C

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1. Bit 0 (MSB) of raw data byte 2 (3rd byte) is a sign bit to represent positive temperature or temperature below 0°C; bit value 1 is negative. Please note this is not the two's complement system.
2. When calculating real temperature, we must mask MSB of high-byte temperature to get real temperature. So 0x0109 means 26.5°C and 0x8109 means negative 0x0109, that is -26.5°C.

Using This Driver

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Loading/Unloading The Driver

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1. After a success build, you'll get dht22.ko file; copy this to wherever that your RPi can read. Load the module by the command (with root permission)

   insmod dht22.ko

2. dht22.ko default parameters: gpio: Assigned GPIO number of DHT22 data pin, default is 4. autoupdate: Automatically trigger DHT22 or not, default is 1 (turn ON autoupdate); 0 to to turn it OFF. Others are interpreted as ON. autoupdate_sec: Seconds between two trigger events, default is 10 seconds (int)

The DHT22 driver will be loaded by default parameters; if you want to assign other values, try this form: > insmod dht22.ko [gpio=<gpio_number>] [autoupdate=<flag>] [autoupdate_sec=<second>]

`autoupdate=0` to turn OFF the flag; others rather than 0 turns it ON.
`autoupdate_sec` must be any positive number between 3 (sec) and 60000 (10 min). The driver ignores any number out of this range. 

3. To unload the driver, simply do this (with root permission).

   rmmod dht22

4. To check whether the driver was loaded or not by kernel:

   lsmod | grep dht22

sysfs Attributes

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1. After you insmod dht22.ko, the driver will create a directory dht22 under /sys/kernel. Read or write these sysfs attributes by

   cd /sys/kernel/dht22
ls -lsa

   you'll see the followings:

   0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 autoupdate
   0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 autoupdate_sec
   0 --w------- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 debug
   0 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 gpio
   0 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 humidity
   0 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 temperature
   0 --w------- 1 root root 4096 Nov 14 12:05 trigger

2. The attributes 'debug' and 'trigger' is write only; 'humidity' and 'temperature' are read only; others are both read and write.

3. Only users with root permission can write value to attributes. This is forbidden by Linux Operating System, not by the driver. To change permission of individual attribute, do chmod with root permission; for example:

   chmod 222 trigger

Thus, any user can 'trigger' DHT22 with permission 222.

Some Useful Examples

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1. Some useful tips are helpful, especially you are new to Linux Kernel Driver.

2. To read temperature and humidity (both are read only):

   cd /sys/kernel/dht22
cat humidity
cat temperature

3. To get GPIO number used by DHT22; it's also read only, no one can change GPIO number after the driver is loaded. To change GPIO number, please read Loading/Unloading The Driver. .

   cat gpio

4. To get 'autoupdate' flag and update the flag (with root permission) to dispable 'autoupdate':

   echo 0 > autoupdate

   to enable 'autoupdate'

   echo 1 > autoupdate

   or you can read Loading/Unloading The Driver to load driver with 'autoupdate' OFF.

5. To get 'autoupdate_sec' value and modify time interval between two trigger events; time unit is second, the range must be any positive number between 3 (sec) and 60000 (10 minutes). Any unrecognized input will be ignored by the driver and takes no effect. To read time interval:

   cat autoupdate_sec

   to modify time interval:

   echo 60 > autoupdate_sec

   DHT22 can be automatically triggered only when 'autoupdate' flag is ON.

6. Trigger DHT22 manually:

   echo 1 > trigger

   this command will trigger sensor to fetch humidity/temperature, no matter autoupdate flag is ON or OFF.