gambitproject · rahulsavani · Jan 14, 2026 · Jan 14, 2026 · Jan 14, 2026 · Jan 14, 2026
diff --git a/tests/games.py b/tests/games.py
diff --git a/tests/test_behav.py b/tests/test_behav.py
diff --git a/tests/test_extensive.py b/tests/test_extensive.py
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def test_outcome_index_exception_label():
         ###############################################################################
         # 1 player; reduction; generic payoffs
         (
-            games.create_reduction_one_player_generic_payoffs_efg(),
+            games.read_from_file("reduction_one_player_generic_payoffs.efg"),
             [["11", "12", "2*", "3*", "4*"]],
             [np.array(range(1, 6))],
         ),
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ def test_outcome_index_exception_label():
         ),
         # 2-player (zero-sum) game; reduction for both players; generic payoffs
         (
-            games.create_reduction_generic_payoffs_efg(),
+            games.read_from_file("reduction_generic_payoffs.efg"),
             [
                 ["1*1", "1*2", "211", "212", "221", "222"],
                 ["11*", "12*", "2**", "3*1", "3*2", "4**"],
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def test_outcome_index_exception_label():
         ),
         # # 2-player game from GTE survey; reduction for both players; payoff ties
         (
-            games.create_reduction_both_players_payoff_ties_efg(),
+            games.read_from_file("reduction_both_players_payoff_ties_GTE_survey.efg"),
             [
                 ["1*", "2*", "31", "32", "4*"],
                 [
@@ -401,28 +401,28 @@ def test_reduced_strategic_form(
     "standard,modified",
     [
         (
-            games.create_two_player_perfect_info_win_lose_efg(),
-            games.create_two_player_perfect_info_win_lose_efg(nonterm_outcomes=True)
+            games.read_from_file("two_player_perfect_info_win_lose.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("two_player_perfect_info_win_lose_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg")
         ),
         (
-            games.create_3_player_with_internal_outcomes_efg(),
-            games.create_3_player_with_internal_outcomes_efg(nonterm_outcomes=True)
+            games.read_from_file("3_player.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("3_player_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg")
         ),
         (
-            games.create_chance_in_middle_efg(),
-            games.create_chance_in_middle_efg(nonterm_outcomes=True)
+            games.read_from_file("chance_in_middle.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("chance_in_middle_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg")
         ),
         (
-            games.create_non_zero_sum_lacking_outcome_efg(),
-            games.create_non_zero_sum_lacking_outcome_efg(missing_term_outcome=True)
+            games.read_from_file("2_player_non_zero_sum.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("2_player_non_zero_sum_missing_term_outcome.efg"),
         ),
         (
-            games.create_entry_accomodation_efg(),
-            games.create_entry_accomodation_efg(nonterm_outcomes=True)
+            games.read_from_file("entry_accommodation.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("entry_accommodation_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg")
         ),
         (
-            games.create_three_action_internal_outcomes_efg(),
-            games.create_three_action_internal_outcomes_efg(nonterm_outcomes=True)
+            games.read_from_file("2_player_chance.efg"),
+            games.read_from_file("2_player_chance_nonterm_outcomes_and_missing_term_outcomes.efg"),
         ),
         (
             games.create_kuhn_poker_efg(),

diff --git a/tests/test_games/2_player_chance.efg b/tests/test_games/2_player_chance.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+EFG 2 R "" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "L" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" "C" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 3 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 5 "0" { 0, 0 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "A" "B" "C" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 5 "0" { 0, 0 }
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 2 3 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2_player_chance_nonterm_outcomes_and_missing_term_outcomes.efg b/tests/test_games/2_player_chance_nonterm_outcomes_and_missing_term_outcomes.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+EFG 2 R "" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "L" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" "C" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 0
+t "" 4 "-2" { -2, 2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 3 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 0
+p "" 1 2 "" { "A" "B" "C" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 2 3 "" { "X" "Y" } 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 0
+t "" 3 "2" { 2, -2 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2_player_non_zero_sum.efg b/tests/test_games/2_player_non_zero_sum.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+EFG 2 R "Non constant-sum game lacking outcome" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "T" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "" { 2, 1 }
+t "" 2 "" { -1, 2 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 3 "" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 4 "" { 0, 0 }
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 5 "" { 1, 0 }
+t "" 6 "" { 0, 1 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 7 "" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 8 "" { 2, -1 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2_player_non_zero_sum_missing_term_outcome.efg b/tests/test_games/2_player_non_zero_sum_missing_term_outcome.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+EFG 2 R "Non constant-sum game lacking outcome" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "T" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "" { 2, 1 }
+t "" 2 "" { -1, 2 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 3 "" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 4 "" { 1, 0 }
+t "" 5 "" { 0, 1 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 6 "" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 7 "" { 2, -1 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2x2_bimatrix_all_zero_payoffs.nfg b/tests/test_games/2x2_bimatrix_all_zero_payoffs.nfg
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+NFG 1 R "2x2 bimatrix game with all zero payoffs, with strategy labels" { "Joe" "Dan" }
+
+{ { "cooperate" "defect" }
+{ "defect" "defect" }
+}
+""
+
+{
+{ "" 0, 0 }
+{ "" 0, 0 }
+{ "" 0, 0 }
+{ "" 0, 0 }
+}
+1 2 3 4
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2x2x2_nfg_from_local_max_cut_2_pure_1_mixed_eq.nfg b/tests/test_games/2x2x2_nfg_from_local_max_cut_2_pure_1_mixed_eq.nfg
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+NFG 1 R "2x2x2 game with 2 pure and 1 mixed equilibrium"
+{ "Player 1" "Player 2" "Player 3" } { 2 2 2 }
+"
+- This comes from a local max cut instance:
+  players {1,2,3} are nodes; edge weight{1,2} = 2; weight{1,3} = -1; weight{2,3} = 2
+- Pure strategies {a,b} encode if respective player is on left or right of the cut
+- The payoff to a player is the sum of their incident edges across the implied cut
+- Pure equilibrium iff local max cuts; in addition, uniform mixture is an equilibrium
+- Equilibrium analysis for pure profiles:
+    a a a:  0 0  0 -- Not Nash (regrets: 1, 4, 1)
+    b a a:  1 2 -1 -- Not Nash (regrets: 0, 0, 3)
+    a b a:  2 4  2 -- Nash (global max cut)
+    b b a: -1 2  1 -- Not Nash (regrets: 3, 0, 0)
+    a a b: -1 2  1 -- Not Nash (regrets: 3, 0, 0)
+    b a b:  2 4  2 -- Nash (global max cut)
+    a b b:  1 2 -1 -- Not Nash (regrets: 0, 0, 3)
+    b b b:  0 0  0 -- Not Nash (regrets: 1, 4, 1)
+"
+
+0 0 0 1 2 -1 2 4 2 -1 2 1 -1 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 -1 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/test_games/2x2x2_nfg_with_two_pure_one_mixed_eq.nfg b/tests/test_games/2x2x2_nfg_with_two_pure_one_mixed_eq.nfg
diff --git a/tests/test_games/3_player.efg b/tests/test_games/3_player.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+EFG 2 R "3 player game" { "1" "2" "3" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "T" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "a" "b" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 3 2 "" { "Y" "Z" } 0
+t "" 1 "" { 3, 1, 4 }
+t "" 2 "" { 4, 0, 1 }
+p "" 3 2 "" { "Y" "Z" } 0
+t "" 10 "" { 0, 0, 0 }
+t "" 10 "" { 0, 0, 0 }
+p "" 3 1 "" { "W" "X" } 0
+t "" 3 "" { 1, 3, 2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "" { 2, 4, 1 }
+t "" 5 "" { 4, 1, 3 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "c" "d" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+t "" 6 "" { 2, 2, 4 }
+t "" 7 "" { 3, 1, 1 }
+p "" 3 1 "" { "W" "X" } 0
+t "" 8 "" { 0, 4, 2 }
+t "" 9 "" { 1, 2, 3 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/3_player_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg b/tests/test_games/3_player_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+EFG 2 R "3 player game" { "1" "2" "3" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/2 "T" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "a" "b" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 3 2 "" { "Y" "Z" } 0
+t "" 1 "" { 3, 1, 4 }
+t "" 2 "" { 4, 0, 1 }
+p "" 3 2 "" { "Y" "Z" } 0
+t "" 0
+t "" 0
+p "" 3 1 "" { "W" "X" } 0
+t "" 3 "" { 1, 3, 2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "" { 2, 4, 1 }
+t "" 5 "" { 4, 1, 3 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "c" "d" } 6 "" { 1, 2, 3 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+t "" 7 "" { 1, 0, 1 }
+t "" 8 "" { 2, -1, -2 }
+p "" 3 1 "" { "W" "X" } 0
+t "" 9 "" { -1, 2, -1 }
+t "" 0
diff --git a/tests/test_games/chance_in_middle.efg b/tests/test_games/chance_in_middle.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+EFG 2 R "Chance in middle game" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/5 "L" 4/5 } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 6 "0" { 0, 0 }
+t "" 3 "-2" { -2, 2 }
+p "" 1 3 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+t "" 7 "-1.5" { -3/2, 3/2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+p "" 1 3 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+c "" 2 "" { "H" 7/10 "L" 3/10 } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 4 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+p "" 1 5 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 4 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 1 5 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/chance_in_middle_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg b/tests/test_games/chance_in_middle_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+EFG 2 R "Chance in middle game" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+c "" 1 "" { "H" 1/5 "L" 4/5 } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 8 "a" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 1 3 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+p "" 1 3 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+c "" 2 "" { "H" 7/10 "L" 3/10 } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 4 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
+p "" 1 5 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+p "" 1 4 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 1 "1" { 1, -1 }
+t "" 2 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+p "" 1 5 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 4 "0.5" { 1/2, -1/2 }
+t "" 5 "-0.5" { -1/2, 1/2 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/entry_accommodation.efg b/tests/test_games/entry_accommodation.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+EFG 2 R "Entry-accomodation game" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+p "" 1 1 "" { "S" "T" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "E" "O" } 0
+p "" 1 2 "" { "A" "F" } 0
+t "" 1 "" { 3, 2 }
+t "" 2 "" { 0, 1 }
+t "" 3 "" { 1, 3 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "E" "O" } 0
+p "" 1 3 "" { "A" "F" } 0
+t "" 4 "" { 2, 3 }
+t "" 5 "" { 1, 0 }
+t "" 6 "" { 3, 1 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/entry_accommodation_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg b/tests/test_games/entry_accommodation_with_nonterm_outcomes.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+EFG 2 R "Entry-accomodation game" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+p "" 1 1 "" { "S" "T" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "E" "O" } 1 "" { 3, 2 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "A" "F" } 0
+t "" 0
+t "" 2 "" { -3, -1 }
+t "" 3 "" { -2, 1 }
+p "" 2 1 "" { "E" "O" } 0
+p "" 1 3 "" { "A" "F" } 0
+t "" 4 "" { 2, 3 }
+t "" 5 "" { 1, 0 }
+t "" 6 "" { 3, 1 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/large_payoff_game.efg b/tests/test_games/large_payoff_game.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+EFG 2 R "Large payoff game" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+c "" 1 "" { "L" 1/2 "R" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 1 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 1 "large payoff" { 10000000000000000000, -10000000000000000000 }
+t "" 2 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 3 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 4 "0" { 0, 0 }
+p "" 1 2 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 3 "-1" { -1, 1 }
+t "" 2 "1" { 1, -1 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "X" "Y" } 0
+t "" 4 "0" { 0, 0 }
+t "" 1 "large payoff" { 10000000000000000000, -10000000000000000000 }
diff --git a/tests/test_games/mixed_behavior_game.efg b/tests/test_games/mixed_behavior_game.efg
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 EFG 2 R "Test Extensive Form Game" { "Player 1" "Player 2" "Player 3" }
-""
+"
+Three-player extensive form game: binary tree with 3 infomation sets, one per player,
+with 1, 2, and 4 nodes respectively.
+
+Since no information is revealed this is directly equivalent to a simultaneous move game.
+"
 
 p "" 1 1 "Infoset 1:1" { "U1" "D1" } 0
 p "" 2 1 "Infoset 2:1" { "U2" "D2" } 0

diff --git a/tests/test_games/perfect_info_with_chance.efg b/tests/test_games/perfect_info_with_chance.efg
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+EFG 2 R "2 player perfect info with chance" { "1" "2" }
+""
+
+p "" 1 1 "" { "a" "b" } 0
+c "" 1 "" { "L" 1/2 "R" 1/2 } 0
+p "" 2 1 "" { "A" "B" } 0
+t "" 1 "aLA" { -2, 2 }
+t "" 2 "aLB" { -2, 2 }
+p "" 2 2 "" { "C" "D" } 0
+t "" 3 "aRC" { -2, 2 }
+t "" 4 "aRD" { -2, 2 }
+t "" 5 "b" { -1, 1 }