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71 changes: 51 additions & 20 deletions src/routes/igcse/chemistry/organic_chemistry/+page.svelte
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -203,46 +203,77 @@
> while addition polymerisation only produces a polymer.
</p>
<p>
Nylon is made from a dicarboxylic acid (a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl -COOH groups) and a
diamine (an amine with two amine -NH2 groups).
Nylon is made from a dicarboxylic acid (a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl <span class="ce"
>-COOH</span
>
groups) and a diamine (an amine with two amine <span class="ce">-NH2</span> groups).
</p>
<ol>
<li>the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl group (-C(=O)OH)</li>
<li>the diamine loses one hydrogen (-H) from each amine group (-NH2)</li>
<li>
the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group <span class="ce">(-OH)</span> from each carboxyl
group <span class="ce">(-C(=O)OH)</span>
</li>
<li>
the diamine loses one hydrogen <span class="ce">(-H)</span> from each amine group
<span class="ce">(-NH2)</span>
</li>
<li>the hydrogen and hydroxyl combine to form water</li>
<li>
the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)- and the remainder
of the diamine, now -(H)N-<strong>R</strong>-N(H)- combine to form a condensation polymer
[-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R</strong>-N(H)-]<sub>n</sub>
the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now <span class="ce"
>-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)-</span
>
and the remainder of the diamine, now <span class="ce">-(H)N-<strong>R'</strong>-N(H)-</span>
combine to form a condensation polymer
<span class="ce"
>[-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R'</strong>-N(H)-]<sub>n</sub></span
>
</li>
</ol>
Nylon is a polyamide, whereas PET, a polyester, is made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol (an alcohol
with two hydroxyl -OH groups).
with two hydroxyl<span class="ce">-OH</span> groups).
<ol>
<li>the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) from each carboxyl group (-C(=O)OH)</li>
<li>the diol loses one hydrogen (-H) from each hydroxyl group (-OH)</li>
<li>
the dicarboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl group <span class="ce">(-OH)</span> from each carboxyl
group <span class="ce">(-C(=O)OH)</span>
</li>
<li>
the diol loses one hydrogen <span class="ce">(-H)</span> from each hydroxyl group
<span class="ce">(-OH)</span>
</li>
<li>the hydrogen and hydroxyl combine to form water</li>
<li>
the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now -(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)- and the remainder
of the diol, now -O-<strong>R</strong>-O- combine to form a condensation polymer [-(O=)C-<strong
>R</strong
>-C(=O)O-<strong>R</strong>-O-]<sub>n</sub>
the remainder of the dicarboxylic acid, now <span class="ce"
>-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)-</span
>
and the remainder of the diol, now <span class="ce">-O-<strong>R'</strong>-O-</span> combine
to form a condensation polymer
<span class="ce">
[-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)O-<strong>R'</strong>-O-]<sub>n</sub>
</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Proteins are natural polyamides. These are formed by the condensation polymerisation of amino
acids, H2N-CH<strong>R</strong>-COOH (where
acids, <span class="ce">H2N-CH<strong>R</strong>-COOH</span> (where
<strong>R</strong> is any side chain), rather than dicarboxylic acids and diamines.
</p>
<p>
While the structure of a synthetic polyamide like nylon looks like this: [-(O=)C-<strong
>R</strong
>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R</strong>-N(H)-]<sub>n</sub>
While the structure of a synthetic polyamide like nylon looks like this: <span class="ce">
[-(O=)C-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R'</strong>-N(H)-]<sub>n</sub>
</span>
<br />
The structure of a polypeptide (protein) looks like this: [-(H)N-<strong>R</strong
>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)-]<sub>n</sub>
The structure of a polypeptide (protein) looks like this:
<span class="ce">
[-(H)N-<strong>R</strong>-C(=O)N(H)-<strong>R'</strong>-C(=O)-]<sub>n</sub>
</span>
<br />
Notice how each monomer unit in a protein has the remanence of an amine group
<strong>and</strong> of a carboxyl group.
</p>
</section>

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white-space: nowrap;
}
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